Climate_Stance_Multimodal

This is the code for the Paper 'Inferring Climate Change Stances from Multimodal Tweets' accepted by the Short Paper track of SIGIR 2024.

Cite as

Nan Bai, Ricardo da Silva Torres, Anna Fensel, Tamara Metze, and Art Dewulf. 2024. Inferring Climate Change Stances from Multimodal Tweets. In Proceedings of the 47th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR ’24), July 14–18, 2024, Washington, DC, USA. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 5 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3626772.3657950

@inproceedings{bai2024climate,
author = {Bai, Nan and da Silva Torres, Ricardo and Fensel, Anna and Metze, Tamara and Dewulf, Art},
title = {Inferring Climate Change Stances from Multimodal Tweets},
year = {2024},
isbn = {9798400704314},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3626772.3657950},
doi = {10.1145/3626772.3657950},
pages = {},
numpages = {5},
keywords = {Multimodal Embeddings, Transfer Learning, User-Generated Content, Climate Change Claims, Sea-Level Rise, Public Policy},
location = {, Washington, DC, USA, },
series = {SIGIR '24}
}

or

@software{nan_bai_2024_11093443,
  author       = {Nan Bai},
  title        = {zzbn12345/Climate\_Stance\_Multimodal: Zenodo Update},
  month        = apr,
  year         = 2024,
  publisher    = {Zenodo},
  version      = {v1.0.1},
  doi          = {10.5281/zenodo.11093443},
  url          = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11093443}
}

Workflow and Dataset

This project provides a workflow to construct multimodal dataset about climate change stances from Twitter. The workflow is illustrated as follows:

The datasets used in the paper is saved under ./data folder.

For data security and privacy issues, we only share the processed, anonymized, and translated English tweets as the raw textual data and the image IDs as the visual data. Further in-detail data can be provided upon request.

Data

./data/tweets_subset.csv is the main dataset used for training and evaluation, which is a non-redundant, unambiguous, and easy subset of the originally collected full dataset. Here we show a few examples of our collected dataset:

	id	skepticism	mainstream	label	text_NL	text_EN	split	available	target	unseen_images
2	909170801	FALSE	TRUE	1	Nederland moet vaart maken met beveiliging tegen zeespiegelstijging HTTPURL	The Netherlands must speed up protection against sea level rise HTTPURL	val	FALSE		-1
21584	1222041615092630000	TRUE	FALSE	2	De dijken zijn berekend op een #zeespiegelstijging van 6 meter In het huidige tempo duurt dat nog zo'n 40.000 jaar ! ! #klimaathysterie HTTPURL HTTPURL	The dikes are designed for a sea level rise of 6 meters . At the current rate , that will take about 40,000 years ! ! #climatehysteria HTTPURL HTTPURL	test	TRUE	3_1222041608851509249	0

id is the original Tweet ID; skepticism marks if the example involves a user in the retweet chain typically clustered as someone who are sceptical about the existence or anthropogenic nature of climate change; mainstream marks if the example involves a user in the retweet chain typically clustered as someone who support the mainstream view on anthropogenic climate change issues; label marks the stance label for this multimodal example, where 1 means supporting stance and 2 means skeptical stance; text_NL and text_EN are respectively the normalized and pseudomynized textual data; split marks the dataset split (train/val/test) of the example; available marks if there is a visual element available in this example; target notes the visual ID of the visual element, if available; and unseen_images marks if the visual element has been present in the training set, where 1 means the image only appears in validation or test set, 0 means that the image has been present in the training set, and -1 means that no visual is attached.

A snapshot of a few examples in the datasets:

Golden Examples

For each stance, a set of golden examples clearly related is prepared for the additional training epoch. At the current stage, one sentence per stance is used:

Mainstream stance: "Climate change is a very serious issue to pay attention to! We should care about climate change!

Skeptical stance: Climate change is not even a real problem to concern about! I do not believe in it!

Code

Model Variants

Five CLIP-based embedding model variants are used in this paper, all implemented from the Sentence Transformer library:

Model Variant	Name in Paper	Name in Repo	Embedding Size
clip-ViT-B-32	B-32	CLIP32	512
clip-ViT-B-16	B-16	CLIP16	512
clip-ViT-L-14	L-14	CLIP14	768
clip-ViT-B-32-multilingual-v1	ML-EN	CLIP_ML_EN	512
clip-ViT-B-32-multilingual-v1	ML-NL	CLIP_ML_NL	512

The computed textual and visual embeddings by each type of base models of the input datasets can also be accessed with the following link. Please download and unzip the file embeddings.zip under the ./data/ folder. For each type of base models, the embeddings are therefore stored in ./data/[model]/embeddings.pkl, which contains the visual ('img_emb') and textual embeddings ('txt_emb') of all examples in the dataset, the textual embeddings of the golden examples ('lab_emb'), as well as the visual embeddings computed from a blank white image for empty visuals ('empty_img_emb').

MLP Checkpoints

For each model variant, several 3-layer MLP models are trained on top of the multimodal embeddings computed by CLIP models, as stance classifier and new embedding model.

Under each base model, two sets of checkpoints are saved under .model_storage/[model]/001/ and .model_storage/[model]/002/, storing the model trained with (002, or w enh. in paper) and without (001, or w/o enh. in paper) the golden label enhancing step.

Under each option, five variants of modality fusion strategy are experimented, resulting a MLP checkpoint .model_storage/[model]/[option]/[fusion_type]_MLP_classifier.pth. The fusion types are respectively shown as follows, where d means the original embeddings size.

Fusion Type	Name in Paper	Name in Repo	Embedding Size
Only keeping visual embeddings	visual-only	image_average	d
Only keeping textual embeddings	textual-only	text_average	d
Averaging visual and textual embeddings	multimodal average	multi_average	d
Concatenating visual and textual embeddings	multimodal concat	multi_concat	2d
Merging visual and textual embeddings with concatenation, addition, subtraction, and element-wise multiplication	multimodal complex	multi_complex	5d

Additionally, .model_storage/[model]/[option]/hyperdict.p stores the training curves of all five variants of modality fusion with the accuracy changes on validation set along the epochs.

Inference and Evaluation

For each type of base models, evaluation of trained MLP checkpoints is performed in the Jupyter notebook [model]-Evalution.ipynb, generating results of macro-average F1 scores to be saved as .results/[model]/results_F1.pkl.

The overall results with all base models are merged in Results-F1.ipynb, where both accuracy and macro-average F1 scores are calculated and visualized, all accompanied with statistical tests showing the significance levels.

Results

Classifier-based Result

Accuracy:

Macro-average F1:

Embedding-based Classification Result

By computing cosine similarity of new embeddings of examples with that of the golden labels, an embedding-based classification resembling zero-shot classification can be obtained.

Accuracy:

Macro-average F1

Acknowledgement and Licence

Pseudo-Labelling

The labelling process of this dataset relies on a previous step of this research. A retweeting sequence within the top-1000 users is formalized as a social network. With a community detection algorithm based on Clauset-Newman-Moore greedy modularity maximization, two prominent communities emerged, representing the user-level skeptical and mainstream stances, as shown below. Both communities are checked and justified by domain experts.

Full details of this step will be posted on a seperate repository.

Credit

The copyright of all the downloaded and processed images and texts belongs to the original twitter users and content creators. This dataset is for academic use only and follows the Fair-Use guideline. The privacy of the users is fully respected and we will follow an opt-out principle for examples upon request.

Upcoming

• Similar analysis will be performed on the full Dutch-language dataset that is not easy and unambiguous;
• Similar analysis will be performed and compared on an English dataset collected;
• A few other datasets on climate change stances will also be evaluated using the trained models as well as their ensemble.

The updates will be linked in this repository.

Licence

The workflows and datasets of this paper can be used under the Creative Common License (Attribution CC BY 4.0). Please give appropriate credit, such as providing a link to our paper or to this github repository.