Go Cheatsheet

File go.mod Hello world Importing packages Variables & Types structs map interface Functions generics Logic statements if/else switch/case

Loop for-i for-in while Converting Build-in iunctions append length panic copy clear max/min

Pointers Goroutines channels Unit testing External file

Remote packages Packages fmt io/ioutil regexp json net/http sort slices time math/rand testing reflect Project ideas

File

Run file

go run file.go

Generate exe file

go build file.go

go.mod

go mod init <module-url>

Hello world

// name of package
package main

// import package
import "fmt"

// main function where will all code is executed
func main() {
    fmt.Println("Hello, world!")
}

Importing packages

// import one package
import "package"

// import multiple packages
import (
    "package1"
    "package2"
)

// import "package" as <name>
import name "package"

Variables

// variables
foo := "this is string"
foo, bar := 69, 4.20

var foo int8 = 69
var (
    foo = 4.20
    foo float32 = 4.20
)


// constants (starts with capital letter)
const Foo = 4.20
const Foo float32 = 4.20
const (
    Foo = 4.20
    Foo float32 = 4.20
)


// slices
foo := []<type>{}
foo := [][]<type>{} // 2D slice

// fixed size
foo := [...]<type>{}
foo := [6]<type>{}



/*
Types: 
    bool                = %t = true, false
    int, 8, 16, 32, 64  = %d = number in range of x bits, can be negative
    uint, 8, 16, 32, 64 = %d = number in range of x bits, can't be negative
    float32, 64         = %g = decimal numbers
    string              = %s = string
    byte                = %d = byte value
    rune                = %d = Unicode
    complex32, 64       = %g = complex numbers with real and imaginary parts
*/

Structs

// define struct
type Struct struct {
    x <type>
    y <type>
}

// initialize, method 1
foo := Struct{
    x: <value>
    y: <value>
}

// initialize, method 2
foo := Struct{}

foo.x = <value>
foo.y = <value>

Map

// define empty map
maps := map[<key-type>]<value-type>{}

// define map with values
maps := map[string]int{
    "bar": 10,
    "foo": 5,
}

// add new key
map[<key>] = <value>

// get value
value := map[<key>]

// check if value exists (ok = bool)
value, ok := map[<key>]

// delete key and value using key
delete(map, <key>)

Interface

// create interface
type Interface interface {
    func() int // return type is optional
}

// create struct
type Struct struct {}

// create method for struct
func (n Struct) method1() {
    // ...
}

// function which take interface as argument
func myFunc(x Interface) {
    x.method1()
}

// works for each struct which have same methods as interface
myFunc(Struct{}) 

Functions

// declare function
func name() {
    // ...
}

// return
func name() <type> { return x }
func name() (<type>, <type>) { return x, y }
func name() (x <type>) {
    x := <value>
    return // same as `return x`
}

// parameters 
func name(param1 <type>) {  }
func name(param1, param2 <type>) {  } // param1 must have same type as param2

// anonymous function
func() {
    // ...
}()

// method function
func (a <type>) name() {  }
x.name()

Generics

// best practice to name T or S

// create function
func name[T any](param T) {  } // v1
func name[T interface{}](param T) {  } // v2

// call function, `[type]` is optional
name[<type>](param)

Logic Statements

If/else

if statement {
    // ...
} else if statement2 {
    // ...
} else {
    // ...
}

Switch/case

switch value {
case x:
    // ...
case y:
    // ...
default:
    // ...
}

Loop

For-I

for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
    // ...
}

For-In

for index, value := range slice {
    // ...
}

While

for {
    if statement {
        break
    }
}

Converting

import "strconv"

// str -> int
num, err := strconv.Atoi( <string> )

// int -> str
str := strconv.Itoa( <number> )

// number -> int8, 16, 32, 64
num := int<bit>( <number> )

// number -> uint8, 16, 32, 64
num := uint<bit>( <number> )

// number -> float32, float64
num := float<bit>( <number> )

// string -> byte
bytes := []byte( <string> )

// byte -> string
string( bytes )

Build-In Functions

Append

<slice> = append(<slice>, <value>)

Length

// slice
slice := []uint8{1,2,3,4}
sliceLength := len(slice) // 4

// string
str := "hello"
strLength := len(str) // 5

// map
maps := map[string]int{ "x":10, "y":15 }
mapsLength := len(maps) // 2

Panic

// make runtime error and stops the program
panic( <message> )

Copy

copy(<slice-to>, <slice-from>)

Clear

// SLICE: after clear = {0,0}
nums := []int8{69, 32}
clear(nums)

// MAP: after clear = map[]
maps := map[string]int8{
    "foo": 5,
    "bar": 10,
}
clear(maps)

Max/Min

// get biggest number
max(5,1,3,4) // 5

// get smallest number
max(5,1,3,4) // 1

Pointers

// create new pointer and allocate memory
pointer := new(<type>)

// change data from address/pointer
*pointer = <value>

// read data from address/pointer
*pointer

// get address from variable
&variable

Goroutines

// create thread
go <function()>


// wait until thread finish
import "sync"

var wg sync.WaitGroup

wg.Add(1) // number of goroutines to wait for
go myFunction() // function needs to contain `defer wg.Done()`
wg.Wait()

Channels

// create channel
ch := make(chan <type>)

// send to channel
ch <- <value>

// receive from channel
received := <-ch

// close channel
close(ch)

// check if channel was closed
received, ok := <-ch // ok = bool

Unit Testing

# run test by:
go test

// main.go
package main

func abs(number int) int {
    if number > 0 { return number }
    return number * -1
}

// main_test.go
// test files must end by `_test.go`
package main

import "testing"

// starts with capital letter
func TestAbs(t *testing.T) {
    if abs(-1) < 0 {
        t.Error("Negative value was found in abs() with", -1)
    }
}

External file

// create go.mod if you don't have one
go mod init <link-to-module> // for this we will use 'modules'

// folder structure
|- go.mod
|- main.go
|
|- example
  |- second.go

// main.go
package main
import "modules/example"

func main() {
    example.Foo()
}

// second.go
package example

func Foo() {
    // ...
}

Remote packages

Install packages

go get <link-to-module>

Import packages

import "<link-to-module>"

Packages

fmt

Print content

import "fmt"

// print on new line, variables using next argument
fmt.Println(...)

// print on same line, variables using format
fmt.Printf(...)

Get user input

import "fmt"

var variable <type>
fmt.Scanf("%<format>", &variable)

Format string

import "fmt"

fmt.Sprintf("%<format> %<format>", <variable>, <variable>)

io/ioutil

Read file content

import "io/ioutil"

// read content from `./file`
data, err := ioutil.ReadFile("./file")

regexp

Split string using regex

import "regexp"

// regex pattern for end of the line
pattern := `\r?\n` 
regexCompiled := regexp.MustCompile(pattern)

// split and save it to variable data
data := regexCompiled.Split("string", -1) // param1=string, param2=how many time do action 

json

// unmarshal (JSON -> structs)
type Struct stuct {
    x string // same as JSON key
    y string `json:"SomeKey"`  // different as JSON key
}
var structVar Struct
json.Unmarshal([]byte(<string>), &structVar)


// marshal (structs -> JSON)
type Struct struct {
    x string `json:"SomeKey"`
}
structVar := Struct{
    x: "y"
}
data, err := json.Marshal(&structVar) // use string(data)

net/http

Simple http server

import (
    "net/http"
    "log"
)

func main() {
    http.HandleFunc("/bar", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        // request on: http://127.0.0.1:<port>/bar
    })

    port := "8080"
    err := http.ListenAndServe(":" + port, nil)

    if err != nil {
        log.Fatal(err)
    }
}

HTTP Requests

import "net/http"

// GET request
resp, err := http.Get(url)
defer resp.Body.Close() // close connection
body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)

// POST request
resp, err := http.Post(url, content_type, &buf)
defer resp.Body.Close() // close connection
body, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)

sort

import "sort"

// sort strings
sort.Strings([]string{"x", "y"})

// sort ints
sort.Ints([]int{5, 4})

// sort float64s
sort.float64s([]float64{1.4, 1.9})

// sort other types
arr := []int64{5,6}
sort.Slice(arr, func(i, j int) bool {
    return arr[i] > arr[j]
})

slices

import "slices"

// biggest number
slices.Max(slice)

// smallest number
slices.Min(slice)

// clone slice
slices.Clone(slice)

// reverse slice (modifi slice)
slices.Reverse(slice)

// sort slice (modifi slice)
slices.Sort(slice)

// index of element, -1 if don't
slices.Index(slice, value)

// if 2 slices are same
slices.Index(slice, slice2)

time

Delay

import "time"

// ms
func delayMs(ms time.Duration) {
    time.Sleep(ms * time.Milisecond)
}

// sec
func delaySec(s time.Duration) {
    time.Sleep(s * time.Second)
}

math/rand

Random number

import (
    "time"
    "math/rand"
)

func randInt(maxNumber int) int {
    // reset time, so it will be random
    newTime := rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano())
    resetRandom := rand.New(newTime)
    
    // get random number
    randomNumber := resetRandom.Intn(maxNumber)
    
    return randomNumber
}

testing

methods

import "testing"

func TestFunction(t *testing.T) {
    // throw error and stop
    t.Error("message")

    // throw error and contiune
    t.Fail("message")

    // print message
    t.Log("message")
    t.Logf("message %d", 1)
}

reflect

type-of

import "reflect"

// get type of variable
reflect.TypeOf(<variable>) // return type

Todo

• stdlib -> encoding, strconv, strings, bytes, crypto, os, maps

Project ideas

• 2048 game
  • 
• language guessing game
  • 
• plot chart
  • 
• LOC counter
  • 
• list files
  •