Lambdas

[CJ-Johnson]

To support migration from C++ to Carbon, there must be valid syntax to capture the behavior of C++ lambdas. They are defined at their point of use and are often anonymous, meaning replacing them solely with function declarations will create an ergonomic burden compounded by the need for the migration tool to select a name. This PR proposes a path forward to add lambdas to Carbon and augment function declarations accordingly.

Associated discussion docs:

• Lambdas Discussion 1
• Lambdas Discussion 2
• Lambdas Discussion 3
• Lambdas Discussion 4

[geoffromer]

Consider presenting this information more like this, instead:

Function definitions have one of the following syntactic forms (where items in square brackets are optional and independent):

fn [name] [ implicit-params ] [tuple-pattern] => expression ;
fn [name] [ implicit-params ] [tuple-pattern] [-> return-type] { statements }

The first form is a shorthand for the second: "=> expression ;" is equivalent to "-> auto { return expression ; }".

implicit-params consists of square brackets enclosing an optional default capture mode and any number of explicit captures, function fields, and deduced parameters, all separated by commas. The default capture mode (if any) must come first; the other items can appear in any order. If implicit-params is omitted, it is equivalent to [].

The presence of name determines whether this is a function declaration or a lambda expression.

The presence of tuple-pattern determines whether the function body uses named or positional parameters.

The presence of "-> return-type" determines whether the function body can (and must) return a value.

That's more abstract, but at least for me, it would make it much easier to see how this design is (and isn't) continuous.

[CJ-Johnson]

Awesome! I added this content right above the part that you highlighted. My reading of it is that these two blocks of text are not mutually exclusive. Do you disagree?

[geoffromer]

I agree they're not mutually exclusive. Personally I don't find the table and examples helpful, but they may work better for other people.

[geoffromer]

I agree they're not mutually exclusive. Personally I don't find the table and examples helpful, but they may work better for other people.

[geoffromer]

I think we should specify this slightly differently:

Suggested change

	**Proposal**: To mirror the behavior of init captures in C++, function fields
	will support nothing-implies-`let` and `var` binding patterns. These will be
	annotated with a type and initialized with the right-hand-side of an equals
	sign. The lifetime of a function field is the same as the lifetime of the
	function declaration or lambda in which it exists.
	**Proposal**: Function fields mirror the behavior of init captures in C++.
	A function field definition consists of an irrefutable pattern, `=`, and an initializer.
	It matches the pattern with the initializer when the function definition is evaluated.
	The bindings in the pattern have the same lifetime as the function, and their scope
	extends to the end of the function body.

This is more general than what we've discussed so far, because it allows things like fn [(a: auto, b: auto) = Foo()] {...}, but that generalization seems desirable.

[zygoloid]

I think we're missing a description of the behavior of the trailing ; here. How about something like:

Suggested change

	Function definitions have one of the following syntactic forms (where items in
	square brackets are optional and independent):
	`fn` \[_name_\] \[_implicit-parameters_\] \[_tuple-pattern_\] `=>` _expression_
	`;`
	`fn` \[_name_\] \[_implicit-parameters_\] \[_tuple-pattern_\] \[`->`
	_return-type_\] `{` _statements_ `}`
	The first form is a shorthand for the second: "`=>` _expression_ `;`" is
	equivalent to "`-> auto { return` _expression_ `; }`".
	_implicit-parameters_ consists of square brackets enclosing a optional default
	capture mode and any number of explicit captures, function fields, and deduced
	parameters, all separated by commas. The default capture mode (if any) must come
	first; the other items can appear in any order. If _implicit-parameters_ is
	omitted, it is equivalent to `[]`.
	The presence of _name_ determines whether this is a function declaration or a
	lambda expression.
	Function definitions and lambda expressions have one of the following syntactic forms (where items in
	square brackets are optional and independent):
	`fn` \[_name_\] \[_implicit-parameters_\] \[_tuple-pattern_\] `=>` _expression_
	\[`;`\]
	`fn` \[_name_\] \[_implicit-parameters_\] \[_tuple-pattern_\] \[`->`
	_return-type_\] `{` _statements_ `}`
	The first form is a shorthand for the second: "`=>` _expression_ `;`" is
	equivalent to "`-> auto { return` _expression_ `; }`".
	_implicit-parameters_ consists of square brackets enclosing a optional default
	capture mode and any number of explicit captures, function fields, and deduced
	parameters, all separated by commas. The default capture mode (if any) must come
	first; the other items can appear in any order. If _implicit-parameters_ is
	omitted, it is equivalent to `[]`.
	The presence of _name_ determines whether this is a function declaration or a
	lambda expression. The trailing `;` in the first form is required for a function declaration, but is not part of the syntax of a lambda expression.

[zygoloid]

Suppose I want to write this:

let a: String = "long string I'd rather not make a copy of";
DoThingWithLazyGetter(fn [???] => a);

Can a ref capture be used to capture a let binding? If so, what happens -- does that create a temporary and capture a reference to it, or does that capture a value as if by [a: auto = a]?

If not, I think the outcome is that there isn't a way to capture a let binding without renaming it. You can use a function field, but our name shadowing rules would suggest that you must use a new name for the function field. I wonder if it'd be worth adding syntax for capturing a value as a value, rather than as an object.

[zygoloid]

Should we distinguish between copy construction and copy assignment here? Const reference fields in C++ only prevent copy assignment, not copy construction.

[zygoloid]

Just to check my understanding:

// Returns the number of times it's been called.
fn Counter[var n: i32 = 0]() { ++n; return n; }

fn Run() {
  Print(Counter());
  Print(Counter());
  var my_counter: auto = Counter;
  Print(my_counter());
  Print(my_counter());
  Print(Counter());
}

... would print 1 2 3 4 3.

[zygoloid]

Something it might be good to mention here:

If a function object F has mutable state, either because it has a non-const copy capture or because it has a var function field, then a call to F should require the callee to be a reference expression rather than a value expression. We need a mutable handle to the function in order to be able to mutate its mutable state.

[zygoloid]

Given the direction in #3720, an expression of the form x.(F), where F is a function with a self or addr self parameter, produces a callable that holds the value of x, and does not hold the value of F. As a consequence, I think we can't support combining captures and function fields with a self parameter under that model.

Would that be a reasonable restriction to impose here?