A step by step guide to learn the concept of HTML, DOM tree, and web development in 30 days.
30 Days Of HTML Terminologies Day 1 Introduction Requirements Web Development Frontend Web Development Backend Web Development Full-stack Web Development How the Web Works Web Development Tools Parts of a website Exercises Day - 2 Setting Development Environment Browser Code Editor How to use Visual Studio Code Introductin to HTML History of HTML What is HTML? HTML Element Attribute HTML Comment Exercise Day 3 DOM Declaration Root Element Heading Elements Paragraph Element Section Element Header Section Main Section Footer Section Inline Style Exercise Day 4 Blocking and Non-blocking Elements Exercises Day 5 HTML5 Formatting Elements Exercises Day 6 HTML5 Semantic Elements Exercise Day 7 HTML Document metadata Exercises Day 8 HTML Form Day 9 HTML Table Day 10 Lists Ordered List Unordered List Description List Day 11 File Paths Meta tags Day 12 Under utilized HTML elements
01 Introduction 02 DOM(Document Object Model) 03 04 🧡🧡🧡 HAPPY CODING 🧡🧡🧡
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30 Days Of HTML
Terminologies Some of the terminologies you may come across in this challenge: client, server, web developer, web designer, UI, UX, web development, browser, code editor, command lines, Git, GitHub, Version Control, semantic, accessibility, responsiveness, compatibility, request, response, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, viewport, blocking element, non-blocking element, tag, opening tag, closing tag, self closing tag, attribute, style, script, property, value, render, comment, HTTP, path, URL, absolute path, relative path, landing page, single page application, hero image, HTML element, content, SEO, feature image, carousel, sidebar, website, web application
Day 1 Introduction Congratulations on deciding to participate in 30 days of HTML challenge. In this challenge you will learn everything you need to know about HTML, and in general, the foundation of web development. In the end of the challenge, you will get a 30DaysOfHTML challenge completion certificate. In case you need help or if you would like to help others you may join the telegram group.
A 30DaysOfHTML challenge is a complete guide for both beginners and advanced developers. Welcome to 30DaysOfHTM! HTML is the build-block of the web. There is no website without HTML, therefore, to develop a website it requires an HTML.
In this step by step HTML challenge, you will learn HTML, the standard markup language for the web. HTML is used to build the skeleton or outline of any website. The skeleton or outline of the website is styled(beautified) by CSS(Cascading Style Sheet). JavaScript (JS) can make a website interactive and dynamic. HTML, CSS and JS are the core technologies to build websites and these are the skills required to be a web developer. This challenge will focus on HTML but we will use little CSS to make some HTML concepts more clear to the readers. A 30DaysOfCSS will be a follow up challenge after 30DaysOfHTML. There are 30 Days of JavaScript, 30 Days of React, and 30 Days of Python by the same author.
Look at the following picture to understand the purpose of HTML, CSS and JavaScript very well.
htl css js
The image has been taken from medium article, source.
By the end of the challenge:
You will have a clear understanding of how the web works You will be able to develop a modest static website with HTML and little CSS You will know what to do next to become a web developer The main goal of this challenge is to teach the core building block of the web that is HTML. Therefore, let's get started by understanding some the terminologies in this field such as web development, front end development, back end development, and full-stack.
Requirements The minimum requirement to follow this challenge:
Motivation Computer Internet Web Development Web development is a process of designing, building, testing, and maintaining a website which ranges from a simple single page static website to a complex full-stack applications. This field has two broad categories.
Frontend Backend Frontend Web Development A front end(client-side) is a website that a user can see and interact with. It can be also called a client-side because it is the part that the user(client) can see and interact with. Therefore, anything we see on any website when we surf on the internet is part of the front end and it includes the colors, fonts, buttons, images, videos, audios and any other content on the website. The technologies that uses to build front end parts of a website are called front end technologies. The core technologies to build a front end are:
HTML CSS JavaScript There are hundreds of JavaScript that allows building a dynamic web applications. Currently, the three most popular JavaScript libraries are:
React Vue Angular Do not learn learn JavaScript before, HTML and CSS. Do not learn JavaScript libraries before you learn JavaScript. This the right sequence of learning:HTML > CSS > JavaScript > React or Vue or Angular.
Backend Web Development Backed(Server-side) development refers to the activities that happens behind the scene. Backend development consists of backend a programming language and a database. The backend interacts with frontend and the database using a backend programming language that could be (Node.js, Python, Ruby, PHP, etc). Look at the following figure to understand the interaction between client. A client send a HTTP request to the backend and the backend return a HTTP response to the client computer(The response could be an HTML page, txt, image, or any other form of data). HTTP(Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is a communication protocol that allow transmitting data between a client and a sever. It is designed for communication between web browsers(client) and web servers.
Full-stack Web Development Full-stack is another buzzword that no one agrees on the definition. You can understand Full-stack web development as a sum of frontend, backend, testing, and including some other technologies. I believe now you have a big picture of web development.
How the Web Works By now you should have clear understanding how the web works based on the information you get on the above two sections. If you want to know more you may also read this article.
Web Development Tools Tools you need as a web developer
Motivation Computer Internet: To access information or resources Browser: allows to render HTML code to a human readable output(website pages). Examples of browsers(Chrome, Firefox, IE, Safari, Opera, Brave, etc) Design Software: allow to create a design or a prototype of the website. Examples of (Figma, Adobe XD, etc) Code Editor: allows to write code. For example(Visual Studio Code, Atom, Sublime Text, Bracket, etc) Git(Version Control Software): allows to manage different version of our code Before we start developing a website, it is good to recall the common parts(components) of a website. In the next section, we will cover this.
Parts of a website A website can have a couple of features or several features. There is no guideline that tells what a website should have but most of the time a website has the following common parts(components). For instance, if you look at the first ever created website, it has just one page and several links. However, since 1993 to today, for the last three decades HTML has been evolving and with only HTML it is possible to develop a decent static website.
Let's see the most common parts(components) of a website:
Website Logo Header/Banner Navigation Bar/Menu Bar Carousel Sections Forms Buttons Links Images Videos Audios Social Links Footer If you agree that these are components of a website, then you will create these components to build a website. Actually, once you create a certain feature it can be used in different projects(reusable). Therefore, whenever you create a certain part try to consider maintainability and reusability. You don't have to have all the mentioned above features when you develop a website. There is no strict guidelines what to have on your website.
Exercises What is web development? What is frontend? Mention at least four frontend technologies What is backend? Mention at least four backend technologies What is full-stack What is client? What is server What is HTTP? What is HTTP request ? What is HTTP response? What are the necessary tools for a web development? Mention parts of a website What is the purpose of HTML What is the purpose of CSS? What is the purpose of JavaScript Is it possible to develop using only HTML? Is there any strict guidelines what a website should look like? What are Git and GitHub? Did you install Git? Do you have GitHub account? Do you need a prototype or mockup or a wireframe before you start building the website? First open this website, then right click on the page then click source, after that you will get an HTML source code. Count the number of the different HTML tag that have been used on this site. Day - 2 Setting Development Environment Browser There are many browsers out there but most developers prefer to use Google Chrome or FireFox. I usually use Google chrome for development and I recommend it too. Download Google Chrome if you do not have one.
The browser render your HTML code to a human read website.
Code Editor As web developer, you should write code using a text or code editor. Therefore, to write HTML code, CSS, JS, React or other you need to have a code edit.
I will use Visual studio code and I will use it in this challenge too. I strongly suggest to use Visual Studio Code because it has lots of productivity extensions that makes super productive. Now, let's download visual studio code.
How to use Visual Studio Code To know how to use visual studio code, watch the following video
Introductin to HTML History of HTML The initial release of HTML was 1993. The first version of HTML was written by Tim Berners-Lee in 1993. HTML has been evolving for the last three decades and the now the latest version is HTML5.
What is HTML? The word HTML is an acronym. That is stands for Hypertext Markup Language. It is the standard markup languages to develop websites. HTML is the build block of the web that allows building layouts of page using HTML elements. HTML is not not a programming language instead it is a markup language.
HTML code will be rendered by a browser and it give a human readable output. Look at the figure bellow to understand better how the HTML code convert to a website using a browser.
HTML Element HTML elements consists of an open tag(<>), attribute(s), content and closing tag(<>). Look at the figure below to understand a syntax of an HTML element.
Open and Close tag without attribute
The tag name is h1 and the content is 30 Days of HTML. The h1 will tell the browser to make the text a big font size that why we call HTML a markup language.HTML elements are the blocking of a website. There is not website without HTML. Learn HTML and build a website.
The p tag marks the text to be paragraph that why we call HTML a markup language.Attribute HTML attributes provide additional information about the element. An attribute can added only in the opening tag. It will be difficult to list down all HTML attributes but we can list down the most common ones.
alt - to add information about added image, use with img element. autocompelete - to enable auto complete feature of a form, use with form and input. autofocus - enable auto focus of input fields autoplay - allows playing an audio/video on the page loads charset - enable character encoding of meta tag checked - to make a checkbox checked of an input element class - to give a common identifier for HTML elements cols - to determine the width of a textarea element contenteditable - make any element editable download - allows a link to download a resource(image, pdf, PPT, etc) draggable - to make an element draggable, apply to all elements for - to connect/bound a label element with a specific input field, use with a label tag href - to specify a URL or a path of a resource, use with a link tag id - a unique id for an HTML element, apply to all elements lang - specifies the language of the page type - specifies the type of the element and it uses with only a certain elements src - to specify URL of a media file(img, audio, video, source, embed, script) style - to add an inline CSS style to an element There are also event listener attribute that listen mouse or keyboard. For instance, onclick, onsubmit, onkeydown, onkeyup, onscroll, etc. Remember, do not try to remember by hard. For detail information about, HTML attributes you may check this link
Open and Close tag An attribute is optional in an HTML element. See the following h1 tag with an id attribute value of first-title.
An HTML element with multiple attributesHTML elements are the blocking of a website. There is not website without HTML. Learn HTML and build a website.
The above p tag has a style attribute. The style attribute has a color property and a value gray. The style changes the text color to gray. You can try it by adding other property and value in the style. Each value has to be separated by a semicolon.Some HTML elements do not have closing tag, instead they have self-closing tag.
Self Closing Tags An example of self closing tags:
HTML Comment Comment in any programming language help a code to be more readable. Therefore, it is common to leave some text on a code to make it more readable and maintainable. Let us the syntax of an HTML comment, it has opening ()
Exercise What is the acronym HTML stands for? What is an HTML element? What is an attribute Write at least five HTML attributes Where do you write an attribute to HTML element? Write an HTML comment that says, I am enjoying 30 Days of HTML What is the purpose of Visual studio code? What is the purpose of the browser? Does every element need to have attributes? Day 3 DOM In this section, we will start writing the DOM tree of an HTML document or file. DOM stands for Document Object Model. The DOM is structure like a true. It starts with an html root element followed by head and body. The head and the body are the immediate children of the root element, html. Before the root element, there is a declaration.
Declaration Before the root element, there is a declaration. This declaration tells the browser that the document is an HTML. Therefore, the browser render it to the way an HTML suppose to be rendered.
This is the code to declare an HTML. The declaration is not part of the DOM tree.
Root Element The html element is the root of the DOM tree and is the parent of head and body.
The DOM try has to be wrapped by the html tag.
The html tag with two children, head and body. content goes here Create folder on the desktop and give it any name and even you may call it (30DaysOfHTML), inside this folder create an index.html file. Every HTML file has to end with a .html extension. And it is good to have at least on index.html file in the a project and the reset of the file will have different names.This a simplistic DOM structure that contains html, head, title, body, h1 elements.
<title>30 Days Of HTML</title> The DOM tree of the above HTML looks like the following diagram.DOM tree
Heading Elements HTML is a markup language. We mark a content using an HTML tag and the browser render it to a clean web page. The h1 tag means making a text to be a large font size text, by default it creates 32px size text. We have h1 to h6 different tags to write different font size title. Pixel(px) is a unit to measure size which is as small as a dot.
<title>30 Days Of HTML</title> The size of the h1 to h6 tags:h1 is 32px (2em) h2 is 24px (1.5em) h3 is 20.8px (1.3em) h4 is 16px (1em) h5 is 12.8px (0.8em) h6 is 11.2px (0.7em) Paragraph Element Now, let's add paragraph to our web page using the p tag.
<title>30 Days Of HTML</title>There is not website without HTML. Learn HTML and build websites and web applications
Now, there are six elements in the above HTML code. An HTML element may have a parent, a child, sibling(s). The html element is the root or the parent of the head and body. The head and body are children of the html tag.The head and body are siblings. The title is the child of the head. The body has two children, the h1 and p.Section Element If we went to create section for our page, we can use div or section element. Section element has semantic meaning. Let's add div in the previous page.
<title>30 Days Of HTML</title>There is not website without HTML. Learn HTML and build websites and web applications
There is not website without HTML. Learn HTML and build websites and web applications
There is not website without HTML. Learn HTML and build websites and web applications
There is not website without HTML. Learn HTML and build websites and web applications
There is not website without HTML. Learn HTML and build websites and web applications
There is not website without HTML. Learn HTML and build websites and web applications
There is not website without HTML. Learn HTML and build websites and web applications
We use the style attribute to apply CSS to an HTML element. For instance, let us apply style to h1.
We can add more CSS properties by separating with semicolons As you can see from above code, font-size and background properties have been used.Similarly let us apply style to the span elements.
<title>30 Days Of HTML</title> H T M LThere is not website without HTML. Learn HTML and build websites and web applications
There about 1.67 million colors and it hard to describe them by name. There are about 140 colors that can be described by name and the rest of the colors can be described using hexadecimal, RGB, or HSL. One form of the color can be converted the other. Let see the different form of the color red(name), hexadecimal(#ff0000), RGB(rgb(255, 0, 0)) and HSL(hsl(0, 100%, 50%))
If you followed all the steps by now you should get something like this.
Simple web page
Congratulations! You have completed Day 3 challenge
Exercise What is the acronym DOM stands for? What is the root of the DOM tree? What are the children of html tag How many children can the head have? How many children can the body have? Make a DOM tree of the following HTML code
<title>30 Days Of HTML</title> H T M LThere is not website without HTML. Learn HTML and build websites and web applications
Blocking elements take the whole width of the viewport. Non-blocking element only take a space that is enough for the content. List of blocking elements:
- allows to write an address related information - allows to write articles in a section - allows to create a section that is indirectly related to the document - to create text a quoation mark - to create canbas - to describe a term or name in a description list - to create section or box- to create a horizontal line - create order or an unordered list - to wrap the main content of the document - to create navigation - describe an alternative content to be displayed to users when JS has disabled on their browsers.
- HTML
- CSS
- JavaScript
- React
- Redux
- Node
- MongoDB
- GatsBy
- Finland
- Sweden
- Norway
- Denmark
- Iceland
- HTML
- HTML(HyperText Markup Language) is the build block the web.
- CSS
- CSS(Cascading Style Sheet) that make HTML page look beautiful.
- JavaScript
- JavaScript is a programming language that can add interactivity to websites
- React
- React is a modern JavaScript library that was initial released on May 29, 2013.
- - to wrap order or unorder list
- to create a video content
Now, let's use some of the blocking elements in following snippet of code.
<title>30 Days Of HTML</title>
H
T
M
L
There is not website without HTML. Learn HTML and build websites and web applications
<section>
<h2>Front end Technologis</h2>
<ul>
<li>HTML</li>
<li>CSS</li>
<li>JavaScript</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<video src="./assets/video/js-project.mp4"></video>
</section>
</main>
<footer>
<small>Copyright 2021 | Asabeneh Yetayeh</small>
</footer>
- to create a link
- to create abbreviation
- to create an acronym
- to create or embed an audio
- to make bold
- to reverse a text
- to make text big
- to make a line break
- to create a button
- to add citation
- to write code on HTML
- to write definition using HTML
- to make an emphasise
- to make italic
- to create an image
- to create an input field
- to define keyboard inputs
- to create a label for input fields
- to define an image map
- to represent an external resource that used to multimedia such as audios, videos, images, pdf, etc
- to represent a result of a calculation
- short quotation
- to represent sample output
<script> - to write JS code
- to select items
- to write small size texts
- to mark or separate a text
- to make text with strong importance
- to create subscript
- to make superscript
<textarea> - to create a text area
- represents a specific period of time
- to represent inline teletype
- is used to define a variable
Let's make use of the above tags in the previous snippet of code.
<title>30 Days Of HTML</title>
H
T
M
L
The Building Blocks of the web
There is not website without HTML. Learn HTML and build websites and
web applications
Front end Technologis
HTML
CSS
JavaScript
Ten most populated countries
China
India
USA
Indonesia
Brasil
Pakistan
Nigeria
Bangladesh
Russia
Japan
Click Me
Audios
Copyright 2021 | Asabeneh Yetayeh
LinkedIn
Twitter
GitHub
To create a new line between non-blocking elements we can use the break(br) element.
Exercises
What is blocking element?
What is non-blocking element?
What is the difference between block and non-blocking elements?
List at least five blocking elements
List at least five non-blocking elements
Day 5
HTML5 Formatting Elements
We format text in different form on daily basis. Every Microsoft office users know how to format a text on Microsoft office document. Similarly, we can format text on a web using different HTML elements.
HTML Formatting Elements
- - Create bold text
- - Make an important text
- - Make italic text
- - Make emphases to text
- - Marks text
- - Make smaller text
- - Deleted text
- - Inserted text
- - Subscript text
- - Superscript text
- - Preserve text space
- -To underline
I want to be bold Text
I am very important text
I want to be an italic text
I am emphasized text
I am marked text
I am a smaller text
I am deleted text
My favorite language is not Python. It is JavaScript
2H2 + O2 = 2H2 O 210 = 1024
I like to make break her
I like to start a new line
This is the third line. The pre tag is
good to use when a space is need to be
preserved for instance for poem.
I am underlined
formatting example
Exercises
Create the following text using the formatting elements. Text formatting
Day 6
HTML5 Semantic Elements
Semantic elements have special meaning and describes it meaning to the browser. For instance,
and are not semantic elements because they do not give any meaning to a browser. However, or is a semantic element because it clearly describe and defines its content. List of some semantic elements:
To know more about each semantic element, you can read this article.
Exercise
Apply semantic elements on your HTML document
Day 7
HTML Document metadata
The HTML document starts with a declaration followed by the root tag. Inside the tag, there is and . The contains the HTML document metadata. Metadata contains information about the page that includes styles, scripts, and data to help software user and render the page. In this section, we will learn how to use the different metadata. Look at the table blow understand the different metadata.
Source, MDN
base: The base tag refers to the base URL for all relative URLs in a document
<title>30 Days Of HTML</title>
<style>
.letter {
font-size: 68px;
}
#letter-h {
color: #e34c26;
}
#letter-t {
color: #264de4;
}
#letter-m {
color: #f0db4f;
}
#letter-l {
color: #61dbfb;
}
</style>
<!-- The script tag allows to write JS code -->
<script>
console.log('Welcome to 30 Days of JavaScript')
</script>
H
T
M
L
The Building Blocks of the web
There is not website without HTML. Learn HTML and build websites and
web applications
30 Days Of HTML
Copyright 2021 | Asabeneh Yetayeh
Congratulations! Now, you knew about metadata.
Exercises
What are metadata elements?
What is id?
What is the difference between id and class?
What the is the difference between style and script?
What is SEO?
Which meta tags help to improve SEO?
What is internal style?
What tag do you use to write external style?
What is the difference between internal style and external style?
What HTML tag do you use to write a JavaScript code?
Day 8
HTML Form
A form is one part of a website. Different websites handle user data using a HTML form. For instance, when we create an account or sign in to our account we fill an input field. Filling a form on a website is a common activity. Therefore, we have to know how to build a form. To create a form, we use form element and the form element wrap other input fields. The input field might be text, number, date, checkbox, radio button, file ,or others types.
First name:
You can try the output of the above code on visual studio code.
The HTML form code below can handle different kind of data. It handles almost any kind of data including file.
First Name
Last Name
Email
company
You age:
Date of Birth
What are your skills
HTML
CSS
JavaScript
React
Redux
Your favorite
<div class="form-group">
<p>Gender</p>
<input type="radio" id="female" name="gender" />
<label for="female">Female</label>
<br />
<input type="radio" id="male" name="gender" />
<label for="male">Male</label>
<br />
<input type="radio" id="other" name="gender" />
<label for="other">Other</label>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<p>Select your country</p>
<select name="country" id="country">
<option value="">-Country-</option>
<option value="Finland">Finland</option>
<option value="Estonia">Estonia</option>
<option value="Sweden">Sweden</option>
<option value="Norway">Norway</option>
<option value="Denmark">Denmark</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<p>Select your country</p>
<select name="course" id="course">
<option value="">-Select Course-</option>
<option value="html-css">Basis of HTML and CSS</option>
<option value="js">Modern JavaScript</option>
<option value="pyhton">Python</option>
<option value="react">React</option>
<option value="data-analysis">Data Analysis with Python</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="message">Leave your message here</label> <br />
<textarea
cols="120"
rows="10"
id="message"
placeholder="Write your message here..."
></textarea>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<input type="file" id="file-input" />
<label for="file-input"><i class="fas fa-upload"></i>Upload File</label>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="agree" />
<label for="agree"
>Be sure that all the information is yours and true.</label
>
</div>
<div>
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</div>
Try the output the above code on visual studio.
What is matters the most is understanding how the HTML form works, this is not an exhaustive list of all the input fields. Whenever you would like to solve some problem, try to search it on the internet using a key word. Searching is also one the most important skill in software development.
Day 9
HTML Table
In this section, we will see how to create an HTML table. Table has an external border, header rows and header cell, body rows and its cells and it could have also a footer row. To make an HTML table, we need a table element that wrap all the rows and the rows wrap all the data cells.
Name
Gender
Country
Asabeneh
250
Finland
Let us see the output of the above code
Name Gender Country
Asabeneh 250 Finland
However, HTML table has thead, *tbody and tfooter. Let us add thead and tbody to the above code. In addition, we can use th in the table head instead to td to make the table heading bold.
Name
Gender
Country
Asabeneh
250
Finland
Try the output of the above code using visual studio code.
Name Gender Country
Asabeneh 250 Finland
The author of this challenge creates different challenges every year. Let us put all his challenges on a table.
<title>30 Days Of HTML: Table</title>
<style>
/* Table CSS */
table,
td,
th {
border: 2px solid gray;
border-collapse: collapse;
border: 1px solid #a785df;
}
table {
margin-top: 15px;
width: 75%;
}
td {
padding-left: 10px;
}
th {
background-color: #7433df;
color: white;
}
</style>
Challenge
Days
Time
Stars(K)
URL
30 Days of Python
30
November 2019
4.6K
Link
30 Days of JavaScript
30
January 2020
6.8K
Link
30 Days of React
30
October 2020
5.6K
Link
30 Days of HTML
30
February 2011
33
Link
Try the output the above code on visual studio
Day 10
Lists
Lists are important to list down items. In HTML, we have different list types such as ordered list, unordered list and description list.
Ordered List
If you want to be a web developer, learn the following technologies according to order:
Unordered List
We use undordered list if we do not interested in the order or hierarch of the list.
For instance, if we like to list down the Scandinavian Countries.
Description List
A description list indent the list to the right.
Output of the above code
HTML
HTML(HyperText Markup Language) is the building block the web.
CSS
CSS(Cascading Style Sheet) that make HTML page look beautiful.
JavaScript
JavaScript is a programming language that can add interactivity to websites
React
React is a modern JavaScript library that was initial released on May 29, 2013.
Day 11
File Paths
Meta tags
Day 12
Under utilized HTML elements