11_Preparatory_Session_(1_of_2).ipynb

{
  "nbformat": 4,
  "nbformat_minor": 0,
  "metadata": {
    "colab": {
      "name": "Preparatory_Session_(1_of_2).ipynb",
      "provenance": [],
      "collapsed_sections": [],
      "include_colab_link": true
    },
    "kernelspec": {
      "display_name": "Python 3",
      "name": "python3"
    },
    "language_info": {
      "name": "python"
    }
  },
  "cells": [
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "view-in-github",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "<a href=\"https://colab.research.google.com/github/fmml2021/fmml2021/blob/main/Preparatory_Session_(1_of_2).ipynb\" target=\"_parent\"><img src=\"https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg\" alt=\"Open In Colab\"/></a>"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "d_4Xzhe4p5Jh"
      },
      "source": [
        "!python --version"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "LQ7shzxUfj6N"
      },
      "source": [
        "### Elementary operations"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "PI0fJw10fswU"
      },
      "source": [
        "#### Basic Calculator Operations\n",
        "\" addition + ,  subtraction  -  , multiplication  *  , division /  ,  exponent ** , modulus  %  , floor division  // \""
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "dm1hT_B9jXGu"
      },
      "source": [
        "3 + 2         # addition"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "sUhkQPuhXbYj"
      },
      "source": [
        "3 - 2         # subtraction"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "B1gLBI1LXo1m"
      },
      "source": [
        "5 * 3         # multiplication"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "TwvpedNVXzRc"
      },
      "source": [
        "type(6 / 2)         # division (always returns a float)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "2LQZZcRPX5Bt"
      },
      "source": [
        "type (7 / 2)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "qjJkqqXcX95p"
      },
      "source": [
        "7 // 2        # floor division (returns an integer - discards decimal part)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "2L_ku8CLYKDC"
      },
      "source": [
        "type ( 7 // 2)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "dH2NmrgNYM97"
      },
      "source": [
        "7 % 2         # modulus operator - remainder is fetched after division"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "wNTJter-YZ7W"
      },
      "source": [
        "7 ** 2        # exponentiation "
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "asikDVm7YvYT"
      },
      "source": [
        "5 - 2 * 2     # operator precedence : (), **, -(unary),  * or /, + or -"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "ebzwP7ZZwvQ0"
      },
      "source": [
        "(-3) ** 2"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "YOcK-5d5eA39"
      },
      "source": [
        "# on string variables\n",
        "first_name = 'charlie'\n",
        "second_name = \"chaplin\""
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "AUEmhycqxQjt"
      },
      "source": [
        "print (second_name)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "oYu_ynPOeS2_"
      },
      "source": [
        "first_name + second_name"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "oIY8q8wgehFC"
      },
      "source": [
        "first_name + ' '   + second_name"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "6Vuv8iMbevRJ"
      },
      "source": [
        "first_name * 2 + \" \" + second_name  * 2"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "QPblckrXe2ui"
      },
      "source": [
        "(first_name * 2) + ' ' + (second_name * 3)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "aLcLONZ1fLxt"
      },
      "source": [
        "### Some exercises..."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "DRFAgL6DZYxm"
      },
      "source": [
        "# 1. A brick has dimensions 5 cm x 4 cm x 2 cm. Find volume."
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Jc7v4uKqAvfy"
      },
      "source": [
        "length = 5\n",
        "breadth = 4\n",
        "width = 2"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "BaRS6ybYA9Gh"
      },
      "source": [
        "volume = length * breadth * width\n",
        "# this is a formula to find volume"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "LQxrIl2WBAv8"
      },
      "source": [
        "print (\"The volume of brick will be \", volume)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "S2zZsoBb2z45"
      },
      "source": [
        "# 2. What will the expression -3 ** 2 evaluate to ?\n",
        "-3 ** 2"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "nPqa-OG28yg_"
      },
      "source": [
        "*Exercise (do it yourself) :* A litre of petrol costs Rs 102. Your two wheeler gives a mileage of 38 kms per litre of petrol. How much of a distance can you travel with fuel worth Rs 50."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "q8ipwonnMdNB"
      },
      "source": [
        "### Conditional and Logical Operators"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "fyDZe9l3MdNC"
      },
      "source": [
        "#### Conditional Operators\n",
        "```\n",
        "< less than \n",
        "> greater than\n",
        "== equal to\n",
        "!= not equal to\n",
        "<= less than or equal to\n",
        ">= greater than or equal to\n",
        "```\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "IRbNYRy_MdNC"
      },
      "source": [
        "5 < 3"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "BjHkFO4SbEhb"
      },
      "source": [
        "5 > 3"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "2DtiCXDAbISf"
      },
      "source": [
        "5 == 3"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "4Dc_T_mUbPb1"
      },
      "source": [
        "5 != 3"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "XSW7YMtabQ4E"
      },
      "source": [
        "akbar_age = 43\n",
        "antony_age = 53"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "KVCzBU1xbbm0"
      },
      "source": [
        "akbar_age < antony_age"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "gs2hOefnbnsF"
      },
      "source": [
        "(akbar_age > antony_age)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "ifAKT3zM3_AF"
      },
      "source": [
        "#### Logical Operators\n",
        "```\n",
        "and\n",
        "or\n",
        "not\n",
        "```"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "wy1D4AdmcVyA"
      },
      "source": [
        "(akbar_age < 40)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "EeBrBGomcYEO"
      },
      "source": [
        "(antony_age > 40)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "O0kjtUXe4K1e"
      },
      "source": [
        "(akbar_age < 40) or (antony_age > 40)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "fB52_Yeo0Bv-"
      },
      "source": [
        "False or True"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "mpBhFHZhcprc"
      },
      "source": [
        "(akbar_age < 40) and (antony_age > 40)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "mdkmh4K3ct3-"
      },
      "source": [
        "False and True"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "rJUB382Ecz4M"
      },
      "source": [
        "not (akbar_age < 40)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "TknwOBHtdAPg"
      },
      "source": [
        "not False"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "CPk9Hiozv8JE"
      },
      "source": [
        "#### Basic Data Types - Integer, Float, Boolean, String, None"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "FkdEec_QriO_"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_int = 3"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "IJ6gUIS24QPb"
      },
      "source": [
        "type(some_int)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "VTce7evQ0ZJ-"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_int += 4"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "F9kJID_q4Vul"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_int"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "BniP96pM0IMH"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_other_int = 7.0"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Vz3Ny74J0LPs"
      },
      "source": [
        "type(some_other_int)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "tBmSj1-P0a52"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_other_int = int(5.2) # casting"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Lmdkh7DI4d51"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_other_int"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "DNKCDJRHCQAd"
      },
      "source": [
        "type(some_other_int)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "iNTYkoVX0dAF"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_float = 3.0"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "8893F0us0e8U"
      },
      "source": [
        "type (some_float)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "8-XVO-4P4npP"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_int = 3\n",
        "some_other_int = 8\n",
        "something = some_other_int / some_int\n",
        "type(something)\n"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Yq7Bh2TCCbMB"
      },
      "source": [
        "print (something)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Vhs9ywow0mC3"
      },
      "source": [
        "print (round(something, 2))"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Swz27lkw46p4"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_bool = False"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "1srLd0394-3g"
      },
      "source": [
        "type(some_bool)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "iVG3-KnQ5B2d"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_other_bool = bool()\n",
        "some_other_bool"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "1clAB1Wn5Qsy"
      },
      "source": [
        "bool([])"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "ikc1wSRs5TPD"
      },
      "source": [
        "bool({})"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "YTfUKX2-5VdH"
      },
      "source": [
        "bool(())"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "2PFr6BY-8X5x"
      },
      "source": [
        "var = None"
      ],
      "execution_count": 1,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "SfbHKsdH5Xq1"
      },
      "source": [
        "bool((1, 3))"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "7bP-r-os5hTy"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_str = \"hello \"\n",
        "some_other_str = 'happy new year'"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "bKFczqox5nUc"
      },
      "source": [
        "merge_str = some_str + some_other_str # concatenation"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "rBqo7-ws5vw3"
      },
      "source": [
        "print (merge_str)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "K29mB5kW6Bub"
      },
      "source": [
        "for each_char in merge_str:\n",
        "  print (each_char, end=\" \")\n"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "zGEuwObI6mpi"
      },
      "source": [
        "for each_char in merge_str: print (each_char, end=\"\")"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "icfeOEilxRpS"
      },
      "source": [
        "#### Type Casting"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "k4KUIUtMxkDs"
      },
      "source": [
        "i = 4\n",
        "j = float(i)\n",
        "print (j)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "2emiqfVo2LXn"
      },
      "source": [
        "type(j)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "eKw6bw3T2UhB"
      },
      "source": [
        "i = int(j)\n",
        "type(i)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "l0pRioZH2ZFp"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_str = str(i)\n",
        "print(some_str)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "rpOlshfr1Xhw"
      },
      "source": [
        "type(some_str)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "tLKkWWrA2fOa"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_other_str = str(j)\n",
        "print (some_other_str)\n",
        "print (\"the new string now is \" + some_other_str) # string concatenation"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "BzvOEP7S3DM7"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_bool = bool(some_other_str)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Ezy9S--R3ILJ"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_bool"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "sIYTZKz11myP"
      },
      "source": [
        "#### Set"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "8Ps8o2iv1xZ6"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_set = set()"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "TYvXkFff10bP"
      },
      "source": [
        "type(some_set)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "pUSDI8dcVz0m"
      },
      "source": [
        "# Set - collection of items which are not in any particular order and are not indexed. \n",
        "# Duplicates are not allowed in set\n",
        "# Constructor is set()\n",
        "some_set = {'a', 'c', (2.3, 3.2, 2)}"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "OQ6C43GzVAiZ"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_set"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "5hfhah0NEBs-"
      },
      "source": [
        "len(some_set)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "LtTv6v9rU3If"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_set.update([1, 2, 3])"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "9LP1hydIUOpH"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_set"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "MZawmb4pEH5v"
      },
      "source": [
        "len(some_set)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "fPA9CCQ8Q6IN"
      },
      "source": [
        "type(some_set)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "4IZt6LPeVL3W"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_set.add(3)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "dVLQdMVrEMZ4"
      },
      "source": [
        "len(some_set)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "fqCuZiJmcORi"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_set.discard('a')"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "E7q0X6YycSI0"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_set"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "xr8c_BjPVS18"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_set.pop()"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Vo38o55yVaPV"
      },
      "source": [
        "for each_item in some_set: print (each_item, end=\",\")"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "F6yTElmsVhHO"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_set.discard(3)\n",
        "some_set"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "1nSJ7F3OXVdK"
      },
      "source": [
        "# set - union operator\n",
        "some_set = {'a', 'b', 'c'}\n",
        "some_other_set = {1, 2, 3}\n",
        "new_set = some_set | some_other_set"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "o8Wbaj5EXgN5"
      },
      "source": [
        "new_set"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "RftwibWYXqXM"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_set.union(some_other_set)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "TOMRqxLqXt8F"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_set"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "TsCFAP95Xvi7"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_other_set"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "OjaEoS09X-UZ"
      },
      "source": [
        "# intersection - &\n",
        "new_set = {2, 3, 6}"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "iYspF8zbYLWC"
      },
      "source": [
        "print(new_set & some_other_set)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "oUoeuL3QYcC6"
      },
      "source": [
        "print (new_set.intersection(some_other_set))"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "h9fCfQl8hUCx"
      },
      "source": [
        "# ================"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "j_gdIAq3xkhj"
      },
      "source": [
        "#### List (extended data type)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "jPVlA4yXykkw"
      },
      "source": [
        "# List\n",
        "# A collection of items which are ordered. List is mutable.\n",
        "# List can be a collection of heterogeneous elements\n",
        "# Constructor is list()\n",
        "a = [1, 2, 3, \"hello\", 5]"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "RcAAcHcO4HVI"
      },
      "source": [
        "a.append('hi')"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "6aOeQG784Jmc"
      },
      "source": [
        "b = [2, 4, 'next']\n",
        "a.append(b)\n",
        "print (b)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "jhDrVLHy4ccH"
      },
      "source": [
        "c = a[2:]\n",
        "print (c)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "DMe9VFw_4xn1"
      },
      "source": [
        "print (len(c))"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "rUQUC3pa4MhA"
      },
      "source": [
        "a = []\n",
        "print (a)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "c0QOr__1103r"
      },
      "source": [
        "#### Tuple (extended data type)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "6zPu2iJs2crj"
      },
      "source": [
        "# Tuple - collection of items which are ordered but immutable.\n",
        "# Constructor is tuple()\n",
        "a = (\"hello\", \"how\", (1, 2, 3), \"you\")"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "jQOy8m8j2gSo"
      },
      "source": [
        "print (type(a))"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "NyRXLzGc403j"
      },
      "source": [
        "print (len(a))"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "RXX7JrZXk8mW"
      },
      "source": [
        "for i in range(0, len(a)): print (a[i])"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "mMUF7ZBz2gO0"
      },
      "source": [
        "print (a[0])"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "56ure9QY2gLL"
      },
      "source": [
        "b = a[1:3]"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Jauf9eI9kyBS"
      },
      "source": [
        "type(b)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "BJECFoFI28zD"
      },
      "source": [
        "print (b)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "5gx8RJnq5GiE"
      },
      "source": [
        "print (b[-1])"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "MjpzmtXBtjdE"
      },
      "source": [
        "#using Constructor\n",
        "new_tuple = tuple(('this', 1, \"is\", \"fine\"))\n",
        "new_tuple"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "GJ9bfT1mdnsg"
      },
      "source": [
        "new_tuple=('this', 1, 'is', 'fine')\n",
        "new_tuple"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "WtFeKcuL16MW"
      },
      "source": [
        "#### Dictionary (extended data type)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "kOrp2T1s6sCc"
      },
      "source": [
        "# Dictionary - collection of pairs of (key, value) which are mutable\n",
        "# Constructor is dict()"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "zDByZj8kWWxh"
      },
      "source": [
        "some_dict = dict({\"age\": 47, \n",
        "                  \"name\": \"Amar\", \n",
        "                  \"marks\": [23, 25, 24, 23]})"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "cLsbT3Ovvug0"
      },
      "source": [
        "type(some_dict)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "j6uIEOVsvixp"
      },
      "source": [
        "another_dict = {\"age\": 47, \n",
        "                \"name\": \"Amar\", \n",
        "                \"marks\": [23, 25, 24, 23]}"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "0-RkMWtevneW"
      },
      "source": [
        "type(another_dict)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "ScUuut2DRtwW"
      },
      "source": [
        "print (another_dict.get(\"marks\"))"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "0DoDHwQzd-bD"
      },
      "source": [
        "print (another_dict[\"marks\"])"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Jr2ocM04wdwG"
      },
      "source": [
        "# update value against a key\n",
        "another_dict[\"marks\"] = [23, 24, 25]"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "5FLSAGzlxUMi"
      },
      "source": [
        "# adding a new key-value pair\n",
        "another_dict[\"gender\"] = \"Male\""
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "3xFsIN13zS48"
      },
      "source": [
        "another_dict"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "lgNNC1V1zJ_p"
      },
      "source": [
        "# removing a key-value pair using pop\n",
        "another_dict.pop(\"gender\")"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "zLcTq049y_7F"
      },
      "source": [
        "another_dict"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "a5kPOWcJwSVy"
      },
      "source": [
        "print (some_dict.keys())"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "n6S0H1QCzvjY"
      },
      "source": [
        "#### Python Identity Operators - is, is not"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "9pBVi4a0z2q5"
      },
      "source": [
        "a = [\"some\", \"list\"]\n",
        "b = [\"some\", \"list\"]"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "a_rsTrml6M1o"
      },
      "source": [
        "if a is b: \n",
        "   print ('a and b reference the same object')\n",
        "else:\n",
        "   print ('a and b do not reference the same object')"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "3Cf-mRXx6Olj"
      },
      "source": [
        "if a == b:\n",
        "   print ('However, the values of a and b are the same')\n",
        "else:\n",
        "   print (\"The values of a and b are different\")"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "2E_co7_i6MbJ"
      },
      "source": [
        "if a is not b:\n",
        "   print ('tested, they are indeed different')"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "JkZFcHU2z3OC"
      },
      "source": [
        "#### Python Membership Operators - in, not in"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "CR8tAc1_rW11"
      },
      "source": [
        "a = [\"this\", \"is\", \"a\", \"new\", \"list\"]"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "UibZiI5e2cBj"
      },
      "source": [
        "% time\n",
        "for item in a: \n",
        "  print (item)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "n_uiZE9CsPMF"
      },
      "source": [
        "% time\n",
        "for item in a:\n",
        "  print (item, end=\" \")"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Zo1Ec35N2cgk"
      },
      "source": [
        "if \"new\" in a: print ('Yes, matching item found')"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "5bieGXu5z9Qk"
      },
      "source": [
        "if (\"list\" not in a):\n",
        "  print (\"Am I wrong\")\n",
        "else:\n",
        "  print (\"Am I right\")"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "vUAWMNbjiSvf"
      },
      "source": [
        "#### References"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "KmpvkMmKiVcZ"
      },
      "source": [
        "1. [Python Operators](https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_operators.asp) and [Python Exercises](https://www.w3schools.com/python/exercise.asp)\n",
        "2. [Official Python Documentation](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html)\n"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "edX9c60K6OGY"
      },
      "source": [
        "#### Conditional Statements"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "BOWsIrajqsvE"
      },
      "source": [
        "##### if - elif - else  (with indentation)\n",
        "```\n",
        "if condition1:\n",
        "   statement1\n",
        "   statement2\n",
        "   statement3\n",
        "elif condition2:\n",
        "   statement4\n",
        "   statement5\n",
        "   statement6\n",
        "else:\n",
        "   statement7\n",
        "   statement8\n",
        "```"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "eDT9R8AOqnsz"
      },
      "source": [
        "a = input(\"Enter an integer a: \")\n",
        "type(a)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "gbOsmJaIqiIP"
      },
      "source": [
        "a = int(a)\n",
        "type(a)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "8D8fTIoYqdGE"
      },
      "source": [
        "b = input(\"Enter an integer b: \")\n",
        "b = int(b)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "cehfXMvowN0S"
      },
      "source": [
        "if (a > b):\n",
        "  print (\"a is greater than b\")\n",
        "  print (\"and that's it\")\n",
        "elif (a < b):\n",
        "  print (\"a is less than b\")\n",
        "  print (\"which is clear\")\n",
        "else:\n",
        "  print (\"a is neither greater than b,  nor less than b\")"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "gRugJ6YQt57S"
      },
      "source": [
        "##### if (condition): statement (single line - without indentation)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "ZF-tcVscuADN"
      },
      "source": [
        "a = input(\"Enter an integer a: \")\n",
        "a = int(a)\n",
        "b = input(\"Enter an integer b: \")\n",
        "b = int(b)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "N2E5veph8_9V"
      },
      "source": [
        "if (a < b): print (\"a is lesser than b\")"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "wtPeoXBWxBLa"
      },
      "source": [
        "##### if - else in a single line "
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "SwO5vZ8LxGMA"
      },
      "source": [
        "a = input(\"Enter an integer a: \")\n",
        "a = int(a)\n",
        "b = input(\"Enter an integer b: \")\n",
        "b = int(b)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "-SLed6y6xJoq"
      },
      "source": [
        "print (\"a is less than b\") if (a < b) else print (\"a - {} is not less than b - {}.\".format(a, b))"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "a-ggfGcOvFjz"
      },
      "source": [
        "##### if-else with three conditions"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "JHGOgFs-vWbq"
      },
      "source": [
        "a = input(\"Enter first string: \")\n",
        "b = input (\"Enter second string: \")"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "qgqqBPjAvLQx"
      },
      "source": [
        "print (\"first string comes earlier\") if (a<b) else print (\"second string comes earlier\") if (b<a) else print (\"both strings are same\")  "
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "VdwpRcZ82I5N"
      },
      "source": [
        "##### **Exercise**: Write a program to check whether a character read from keyboard is a vowel or consonant"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "b_QjChOW2VJY"
      },
      "source": [
        "# Your program should come here"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "61f388Jksnz-"
      },
      "source": [
        "### Flow control using for-loop\n",
        "#### 'For' statement is used for iterating over an arithmetic progression of numbers"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "lHexb1UAseK6"
      },
      "source": [
        "# range\n",
        "for i in range(9, 19, 3):\n",
        "  print (i, end=\" \")"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "avgXS5ante_t"
      },
      "source": [
        "#### 'For' statement is also used for iterating over the items of any sequence (a list or a string), in the order that they appear in the sequence."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "8YRJCPP2vVPe"
      },
      "source": [
        "# list\n",
        "my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]\n",
        "for each_item in my_list:\n",
        "  print (each_item, end=\" \")"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "EIPO-Aab0fMk"
      },
      "source": [
        "my_list = ['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']\n"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "lWRcH-oE0nr6"
      },
      "source": [
        "test_char = input(\"Enter Character: \")"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "29kLJv6-0xfe"
      },
      "source": [
        "test_result = 'consonant'\n",
        "for each_char in my_list:\n",
        "  if (each_char == test_char.lower()):\n",
        "    test_result = 'vowel'\n",
        "    break"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "FXsvQh-C1C-m"
      },
      "source": [
        "print (test_result)"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "bStyS27cudqK"
      },
      "source": [
        "# list comprehension\n",
        "# create a list of all odd numbers from 1 to 20\n",
        "my_list = [number for number in range(1,20,2)]"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "IbKt_IhW6Z4z"
      },
      "source": [
        "my_list"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "aZLHbgPMujrA"
      },
      "source": [
        "#### Exercise: Given a list of integers, write a for-loop to create a list of its squares."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "2Kw7G5iCumaY"
      },
      "source": [
        "# for instance if input list is [1, 2, 3, 4],  you need to create a list [1, 4, 9, 16]"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "vqYJMprj-beV"
      },
      "source": [
        "Reference:\n",
        "[Python Documentation on Control Statements](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html)"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "1_JLSdRkqi_5"
      },
      "source": [
        "#### WHILE-LOOP: The while loop executes as long as the condition remains true."
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "BWYbJYa5rlk5"
      },
      "source": [
        "#        while condition:\n",
        "#           statement-block"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "LP4gqudewbsi"
      },
      "source": [
        "i = 0"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "BPjFgz1-wgvK"
      },
      "source": [
        "while (i < 10):\n",
        "   print (i, end=\" \")\n",
        "   i = i + 1"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "3dnyj0WHwzaZ"
      },
      "source": [
        "# 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 "
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "2entoj_sw-YV"
      },
      "source": [
        "a = b = 1"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "8ADO1xTtxAdK"
      },
      "source": [
        "while (b < 10000):\n",
        "    print (a, b, end=\" \")\n",
        "    a = a + b\n",
        "    b = a + b"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "GpU2tRwW4yLM"
      },
      "source": [
        "my_str = 'welcome to foundations in modern machine learning'"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "ogXM0QWM44jO"
      },
      "source": [
        "# print triangle with string using while-loop"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "prvBHO7u7p-R"
      },
      "source": [
        "# Exercise to print the pattern in increasing order"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Xwn6ZHBMcHtz"
      },
      "source": [
        "### Functions"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "OwqUiUa02I4x"
      },
      "source": [
        "# Implement length of a string using a function"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "ARLMa1_MwSxG"
      },
      "source": [
        "# Write a function to print factorial of a number"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "cr_llxvIwUtk"
      },
      "source": [
        "# Write a function to check whether a given alphabet is vowel or not"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "1pqsgNqwnbHE"
      },
      "source": [
        "def inList (my_char, my_list=['a','e','i','o','u']):\n",
        "  \"\"\" this is a function to check whether a char is vowel or not \"\"\"\n",
        "  for each_char in my_list:\n",
        "    if each_char == my_char.lower():\n",
        "      return True\n",
        "  return False"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "SLpNGCWYn6Er"
      },
      "source": [
        "inList('Z', ['x', 'y', 'z'])"
      ],
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "3hfExC9BPkKK"
      },
      "source": [
        "Reference: [Python Documentation on Functions](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html#defining-functions)"
      ]
    }
  ]
}