Run tests on Ubuntu 24.04 in CI

[goatgoose]

Problem:

Ubuntu 24.04 has recently been released. We should build and run the s2n-tls unit tests on this version to ensure compatibility.

Related issue: #4464

Solution:

Build s2n-tls and run the unit tests on Ubuntu 24.04 in CI.

Codebuild and Github actions haven't added support for Ubuntu 24.04 yet, so we may want to wait for either of these providers to release a 24.04 runner:

• https://docs.aws.amazon.com/codebuild/latest/userguide/build-env-ref-available.html#ec2-compute-images
• https://github.com/actions/runner-images?tab=readme-ov-file#available-images